30 Kobayashi H, Kotoura Y, Hosono M, et al.Nuclear medicine case of the day: hereditary multiple exostoses. Bone scintigraphy in hereditary multiple exostoses. Symptomatic osteochondromas: imaging features. 27 Karasick D, Schweitzer ME, Eschelman DJ.25 Giudici MA, Moser RP, Jr, Kransdorf MJ.Type X collagen expression and hypertrophic differentiation in chondrogenic neoplasias. 24 Aigner T, Frischholz S, Dertinger S, Beier F, Girkontaite I, von der Mark K.Correlative radiographic, scintigraphic, and histological evaluation of exostoses. Dahlin's bone tumors: general aspects and data on 11,087 cases. Chondrosarcoma (primary, secondary, dedifferentiated, and clear-cell). The use of computed tomography to distinguish osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma arising in osteochondroma. 20 Garrison RC, Unni KK, McLeod RA, Pritchard DJ, Dahlin DC.Benign osteochondromas and exostotic chondrosarcomas: evaluation of cartilage cap thickness by ultrasound. 19 Malghem J, Vande Berg B, Noel H, Maldague B.Malignant degeneration of radiation-induced osteochondroma. Irradiation effects of roentgen therapy on the growing spine. 17 Neuhauser EBD, Wittenborg MH, Berman CZ.Extreme retardation of epiphyseal growth from roentgen irradiation: a case study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983 9:665-670. Radiation induced osteochondroma in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. 15 Jaffe N, Ried HL, Cohen M, McNeese MD, Sullivan MP.Total body irradiation-induced osteochondromata. 14 Harper GD, Dicks-Mireaux C, Leiper AD.Case report 691: radiation-induced osteochondromas (RIO) arising from the neural arch and producing compression of the spinal cord. 13 Herman TE, McAlister WH, Rosenthal D, Dehner LP.Radiation-induced osteochondroma in the lumbar spine. 12 Cree AK, Hadlow AT, Taylor TK, Chapman GK.Skeletal case of the day: radiation-induced osteochondroma. Cartilaginous exostoses following irradiation. Initiation of chondrodysplasia by localized roentgen ray injury: an experimental study of bone growth. Osteochondroma formation after a Salter II fracture. Osteochondroma veretebrale e trauma: una possible correlazione eziopatogenetica. 7 Conti P, Conti R, Lore F, Bono P, Gallina P, Pellocano G.Induction of osteochondromas by periosteal resection. The formation of osteochondroma by epiphyseal cartilage transplantation. ![]() Studies in the anatomical changes which accompany certain growth disorders of the human body. The origins of osteochondromas and enchondromas: a histopathologic study. Bone tumors: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlations. Benign cartilaginous exostoses: osteochondroma and osteochondromatosis. Recognition of the radiologic spectrum of appearances of osteochondroma and its variants usually allows prospective diagnosis and differentiation of the numerous potential complications, thus helping guide therapy and improving patient management. Variants of osteochondroma include subungual exostosis, dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica, turret and traction exostoses, bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, and florid reactive periostitis. Continued lesion growth and a hyaline cartilage cap greater than 1.5 cm in thickness, after skeletal maturity, suggest malignant transformation. Malignant transformation is seen in 1% of solitary osteochondromas and in 3%–5% of patients with HME. Complications associated with osteochondromas are more frequent with HME and include deformity (cosmetic and osseous), fracture, vascular compromise, neurologic sequelae, overlying bursa formation, and malignant transformation. Osteochondromas may be solitary or multiple, the latter being associated with the autosomal dominant syndrome, hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). Osteochondromas are composed of cortical and medullary bone with an overlying hyaline cartilage cap and must demonstrate continuity with the underlying parent bone cortex and medullary canal. Its radiologic features are often pathognomonic and identically reflect its pathologic appearance. It constitutes 20%–50% of all benign bone tumors and 10%–15% of all bone tumors. Osteochondroma represents the most common bone tumor and is a developmental lesion rather than a true neoplasm.
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